Artur Victoria asked:


1. ORGANIZED CRIME: approachCharacterizing organized crime is b? Physically f? Difficult because, among the specialists in the field, there is unanimity. At least it is different with the definition? N of the concept, because the variety and diversity of opinions. Becomes dif? Easy to set up a final concept in organized crime when, on one side, because it is an m? Multiple and pr? Soonest renewed criminal nature, released by the groups or networks in the adaptation? N din? mica and permanent, on the one hand, we find it? the "users" with the same degree of conceptual demand and requirements pr? practices distinguished consonant different ends sought: research? No criminal disuasi? n Criminal Court, and the pursuit of energy? a legislature. The researcher interested? the year? lysing the structure of organized criminal intends to dismantle above the frame and the judge jur? dico - criminal occurrences and it 's part of the movable illustrations created by the legal legislator.1.1. The origin and evolution? N pr? PRACTICE ORGANIZED CRIMEThe of organized criminals is distant in time and the centuries. In England, the principles of sec. - XVIII, we can find an example for the group controlled by Jonathan? N Wild, which was dedicated to robbery, theft and extorsi? N in the city of London). Although organized crime in modern times find it? their ra? ces in the d? each of 1920/30, with the institution? n of the "Law" dry (Volstead Act) in the U.S.? is prohibited to manufacture and consumici? No alcohol - increased the emergence? of the groups to smuggle in lots defined violently l? territorial boundaries, and? distribution was sa? of n? for? and smuggling of alcoholic beverages? licas to the U.S., coming from Europe and after Canada.The devotees? s of d? cated (a? os, 30/40/50), this "gang" have grown in other activities and? equally lucrative and reas? sa gradually came to dominate the illegal gambling, and prostitution? n; the extorsi? n ( "tax" of protection? n;) the infiltraci? n unions, smuggling several products of consumici? n. In a years of 60, that would still be devout? To today is the main source of income: the great tr? Ments, namely tr? Drug trafficking. During the 70 years of past, organized crime came to the specialist - if stabilized? their fields ym? all temporary development of the "true" multinational crime, with structures and energy? to the accident? n that cross? national boundaries. Hoy en d? A, an almost instinctive way, organized crime form? groups of "Mafia" or terrorist groups - no s? because you represent? n exponent m maximum of the expression? No criminal organizations, just yet? constitute a fen? t least in the Terms means? tion des disclosure? n always eagerly on the news and the subject of interest? s deep media.1.2 organized crime CLASSIFICATIONSTo classified into two major categories? as, with the distinction? criteria of the motivations and prop? sites persecuted for their Action? n: - upon prop? sites profit motivated and prop? sites dominant interference pol? tics. For groups located in the first have of the categories mentioned above? As, having organized crime and big business is crucial, while for the second pr? Practices of organized crime is an expression? Ny one way for a crucial battle. In? STOs to groups, and there is always Confluences penetration? Inter n the interests and objectives - t? Practices and / or start? Logical, casual or temporary. The example of this aserci? N is the "course; NARCOTERRORISM. In several pa? Tries Am? America dealers for the best implant acts and protect its area of operation, and push them violently pursuing energy? A pol? Policy and rules, through? S of terrorists actions.1.3. SPEC CHARACTERIZATIONIn? FICO expressions criminals m? Multiple organized crime is f? Easy to find some common denominators: - Security development1.3.1 operational funding structure. Type structures STRUCTUREThe crime - whether in an organized manner, seg? N horizontal and vertical vectors. The level of the organization? N and the complexity of a criminal hab? An depended, among other factors, on the dimension? N (n? Mere membership accident? Ny of territory), the level of cover (para-legal ) and the kind of activity of each organization? n. Al-type structure of the crime "organized group with a frequency Pyramid": a narrow top and a "larger, base," gr? Specifically meaning, on one side, the distribution? N num? The rich group members and, on the one hand, their level of responsibility and involvement? n in the same. This network of organized crime is distributed to four levels, with level 1 - the address, with the ability of the direction n and the decision? N estrat magical activity of the group consisting of a small to amount of individuals.2 - to levels 2, 3, and corresponding activity 4it tr? fico LARGE, MEDIUM and small O. The degree and accountability in the network are decreasing as we go down in the "Pyramid" and that, simultaneously? Simultaneously, the larger n? Number of members involved in criminal work. The level of direction of an organized network in the tr? And drug trafficking is a complex structure, due to having to wear the proper coupling of tasks, although the structural relationship with tr? Graphic product, are previous or subsequent run on the production?, transport, storage and distribution? the product and cover jur? dica - all legal activities. Comparing and analyzing the structure-type "of three different but representative, expressions of organized crime: -" South American; cartel "that is dedicated to tr? Trafficking of coca? Na - G? Ngster Group I (? l "Cosa Nostra") Italian - European (city) of the terrorist group I despite the motivations and the prop? sites end of these three groups are more organized crime - the first two seek to their pr? practices several il? citos, with a preponderance for the treatment of drugs, a prop? sito econ? ment, the third b? search key subversi? ny the confrontaci? n pol? policy - institutional status - in the respective structure-type we can identify l? field lines com? n: - organization? n-type pyramidal cell - ie knowledge m? s large net work in the raz? direct importance of the place is that? responsibility for same. A member at the level of "base" ignores the dimension? N the overall organization? N, the situation? N which is hidden by the l? Deres equal. - Existence of a number of "hierarchical" levels of action? Ny liability. Here the structure? L "Cosa Nostra" is paradigm? Tion and "targeted" by getting the d? Fied, while the organization? N and extols her participation? N territorial of Action? n (neighborhood). Especially on terrorist groups, est? too? n this the definition? n levels decisive? of acting.1.3.2 ny. SECURITYThe degree of efficiency and stability of an organization? N depends on the criminal side of the use of security mechanisms required at the level of it 'activity and the level of operation? N internal. A) The level of preparation? Nya executed? Of activity requires the use of the methodology? As follows: - To collect the information? N sistem? Ly on the enemy (police? As the structures: organization? n, m? all yt? CTIC) to competitors (other criminal organizations), the partners in its? areas of activity and the "market". The use of t? Specialized techniques such as monitoring (for the t? Cnicos and humans) corruption? The infiltraci ny? N - Use of the measures is? Policies (protection? N) and the active (detection? ny enga? o) of the counter - Use of sophisticated communications systems. B) The standard of the regulations? N inside the organization? N, the following income: - Monitoring and "hierarchical" control of the members - Adoption? Of c? Codes of conduct; - Measures dr? Of Curia Rationum bring discipline members who have broken the rules of conduct, reinforced by the coercive? n, actions and threats in attempt to violate the rules, know when to leave the group; - Rewards for members who are out efficiency in the accident? ny / or loyalty to the organization? n - Citizen's No mutual members (and their relatives) in difficult times? difficult, such as the arrest? n, in the prisons? not on the accessibility of good lawyers. Like this, because they would cause the structures of element - not to dictate the relationship between the base and lid of the organization? N, direct, but filtered through the hierarchy? A middle - too? No security element, with the methodology? as behind? s declared, they are a com? criminality.1.3.3 ny characterize organized. The organization? Of RAISINGAny of funds, legal or il? Quote has high costs, fixed and variable, for operations, needing money for their activities. In general, in the world of organized crime money liquidity is a major concern. Illegal activities undertaken by the sub-created world of organized crime, for the system with m? So less often hefty monetary wealth to criminal organizations, with national or transnational level. International agencies have, for example, estimated that the mobsters of the groups;? Activities generated in a? Or 1992 income at around one billion USD in Hungary? To millions in the U.S., 3 mil million stories in the EU, 3.5 million to 2 thousand 5 thousand in Japan.From where is? n this income? Illegal activities such as tr? Trafficking in drugs, black market of weapons sold, exploration? N of "payments" of protection? N ( "racket," extorsi? N) of exploration? No contracts p buildings? construction of news? no structures, the smuggling of various products, the game, among others. Tambi? N th

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